Polio vaccine myths and facts: An expert debunks misconceptions about vaccine-derived poliovirus (Image credit: iStock)
The recent case of a two-year-old child who contracted the polio virus despite being vaccinated has caused considerable anxiety and uncertainty. As the world moves closer to the goal of eradicating polio, such incidents often give rise to misunderstandings, particularly in relation to vaccine-derived polio virus (VDPV). Therefore, it is essential to address these concerns with accurate information to prevent misinformation from hampering global health efforts. We reached out to Dr Saurabh Khanna, Senior Consultant, Neonatology and Paediatrics, CK Birla Hospital, Gurugram, who debunks the myths surrounding poliovirus.
Myth 1: Vaccines are ineffective against poliovirus
Made: He polio vaccine Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is quite effective in preventing infection with the polio virus. However, no vaccine is 100% effective and in rare cases, vaccinated individuals can contract the virus. This does not indicate a failure of the vaccine, but rather highlights the importance of maintaining high immunization rates to generate herd immunity.
Myth 2: Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) means vaccines are unsafe
Made: Although oral polio vaccine is safe and effective, like all vaccines, it has its limits. Cases of VDPV infection are extremely rare, occurring in approximately one in every million doses of oral polio vaccine. The benefits of polio immunization outweigh the risks. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) conducts regular screening for VDPV and adjusts vaccination measures to reduce the risk. The transition to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in several countries has further reduced the risk of acquiring VDPV.
Myth 3: Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is as dangerous as wild poliovirus
Made: VDPV is a weakened form of the poliovirus that has evolved over time, usually due to inadequate vaccination coverage. While it can induce paralysis, it is not as common or as potent as wild poliovirus. VDPV originates in areas with inadequate vaccination coverage, allowing the weakened virus to spread and, in rare cases, mutate into a disease-causing form. High vaccination coverage prevents this by stopping transmission of the virus.
Myth 4: When a child is vaccinated, he is fully protected.
Made: Although vaccination reduces the risk of contracting the polio virus, no vaccine offers complete protection. Multiple doses are needed to maintain immunity. In rare cases, a vaccinated child may contract the polio virus, especially in settings with inadequate vaccination coverage where VDPV could spread. This underscores the need to maintain high immunization rates and ensure that all children receive the full series of vaccines.
Myth 5: Polio can no longer pose a threat to vaccinated populations
Made: Polio will remain a danger until it is eliminated globally. The virus can spread across borders, and as long as polio exists anywhere in the world, unvaccinated people or those who have not received the proper dose of vaccine will be at risk. Vaccinated populations are generally protected, but immunity can wane over time, necessitating vaccination of future generations. Continued immunization campaigns are required until polio has been eliminated everywhere.
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