Dementia is a major global health problem, especially as the world’s population ages. Aging increases the likelihood of developing dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease. Between 5-8% of people aged 60 years and older have dementia, and the prevalence increases to 30-50% in people aged 85 years and older. Interestingly, women are disproportionately affected, accounting for nearly two-thirds of people with Alzheimer’s disease.
While longer life expectancy plays a role in this gender disparity, there are other factors that contribute to women’s higher risk. Dr Amrut SD, Associate Consultant Neurologist at Manipal Hospital in Goa, explains why women are more prone to Alzheimer’s.
Hormonal changes
Estrogen, a hormone that has neuroprotective and mood-regulating properties, begins to decline during menopause. This decline may contribute to cognitive decline in women. Studies suggest that estrogen helps protect brain cells and supports communication between them. Therefore, falling estrogen levels during menopause may leave women more vulnerable to cognitive changes associated with dementia.
Genetics
Genetics also play a crucial role in the risk of dementia. Women who carry the APOE ε4 allele, a genetic variant strongly linked to Alzheimer’s disease, have a higher risk than men with the same gene. This genetic predisposition, combined with other risk factors, makes women more susceptible to developing Alzheimer’s.
Health conditions
Women are more likely to suffer from autoimmune diseases and mood disorders, which are risk factors for dementia. Conditions such as depression, thyroid disorders, and diabetes can increase the risk of dementia. Since hormonal changes make women more likely to suffer from mood disorders, this can further increase their chances of cognitive decline.
Sedentary lifestyle
In many societies, women may lead a more sedentary lifestyle, often due to cultural norms, family responsibilities, or safety concerns. Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for dementia, as it reduces blood flow to the brain and limits cognitive stimulation. Lack of regular exercise can exacerbate memory-related problems and contribute to cognitive decline.
Low educational level
In many developing and underdeveloped countries, women tend to receive less education than men, which is a known risk factor for dementia. Lower levels of education limit cognitive development and may contribute to a higher risk of cognitive decline later in life.
Strategies to improve brain health and reduce the risk of dementia
While dementia is a neurodegenerative disease, maintaining good brain health can help delay its onset. The following tips provided by Dr. Amrut can help improve brain health:
• Adopt a healthy diet: Include Mediterranean-style meals in your diet with green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts and whole grains.
• Exercise regularly: Aim for brisk walking for at least 150 minutes per week to improve cardiovascular health and cognitive function.
• Stay connected and keep learning: Interact with others, learn new skills, or learn a new language to stimulate brain activity.
• Health status monitoring: Regularly monitor your blood pressure and blood sugar levels to minimize the risk of diseases that can cause cognitive decline.
• Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol: Both habits can contribute to memory-related problems and general cognitive decline.
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